The Little-Known Secrets to Paper Writing Services for College

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Persepolis Life Changes During The Islamic Revolution...

The novel â€Å"Persepolis† shows many life changes during the Islamic Revolution told through the eyes of a young girl. â€Å"Persepolis† was based on Satrapi’s childhood experience in Iran. Throughout the span of the 1970’s to the early 1980’s, Satrapi experiences many changes in her life, not only with the government, or her education, but also with herself. Although she witnessed many violent acts right in front of her eyes, these experiences helped Marji (Satrapi) grow as a young child. Soon after the revolution, Iran became one bundle of chaos as the country began experiencing internal difficulties with the new republic. Then with the war between Iran and Iraq, violence became Marji’s daily lifestyle. The Iranians were left to themselves to protect their friends and family from the bombings and other types of violence happening in plain sight. Many unfortunate individuals lost their belongings as well as close friends and family. For ex ample, a close friend of Marji’s mother, Mali and her family, lost her and her family’s belongings in a bombing. The family found refuge in Marji’s home until they left Iran for good. They were one of the few families who understood the severity of the violence overwhelming Iran. Along with many other changes, Iranians were recruiting young boys to join their military. They brainwashed the young boys with a plastic key painted gold; explaining to them that if they were fortunate enough to die, then the key would allow them to enter heaven.Show MoreRelatedPersepolis: perceptions of the veil1546 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Persepolis; Perceptions of the veil [Satrapi, (b) p52] â€Å"And say to the believing woman that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty...that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty...† SÃ… «rah 24:31 The autobiographical novel â€Å"Persepolis† depicts the early stages of its author, Marjane Satrapi’s life. It shows her growing up in Iran, to her studies in Vienna, and her return. In an interview in 2008, she stated that she composedRead MoreMarjane Satrapis Persepolis: A Personal Version and Vision of the Iranian Revolution1341 Words   |  5 PagesPersepolis: Marjane Satrapis personal version and vision of the Iranian Revolution Marjane Satrapis Persepolis is a graphic novel that suggests that there is a sharp discrepancy between the world of the Iranian Revolution, as depicted in the Western media, versus how many Iranians experienced it in the context of their own lives. Satrapi was the product of a liberal home environment. Behind closed doors, the life the young Marjane led was often very different from the images of burka-wearingRead MorePersepolis Essay1883 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Iranian Revolution than what the American government and media has portrayed over the prior decades. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 was the overthrow of the American backed Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi by the conservative Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and his followers. Student movements and Islamic leftists supported the overthrow of the Shah who was perceived to be a puppet of the American government and pushed unsuccessful liberal economic reforms. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic ofRead MoreThe Complete Persep olis By Marjane Satrapi Essay2019 Words   |  9 PagesIranian Revolution, many events and changes took place that largely affected the views of Iranians by other nations. The graphic novel, The Complete Persepolis, written by Marjane Satrapi (Satrapi, 2003), conveys many of these events and changes through the eyes of a child growing up in the 1980s in Iran. Satrapi’s main purpose for this book is to describe how the Iranian government was corrupt, causing foreign nations to have a tainted view of all Iranian citizens. The Complete Persepolis does soRead MoreThe Opening Credits Of Persepolis1932 Words   |  8 PagesThe opening credits of Persepolis (2007) feature a flower moving across the screen, travelling through the different places depicted during the titles. This quite simple feature helps to introduce the audience to the main premise of the film - moving; mobility; change and growth. Marjane Satrapi’s film debut Persepolis (2007), made together with a fellow comic artist Vincent Paronnaud, is an autobiography based on Satrapi’s similarly titled graphic novel. This French-Iranian animated film deals withRead More Marjane Satrapis Persepolis3668 Words   |  15 Pagespublic sphere and condemned Islamic fundamentalism (Khosrokhavar 3). The largely conservative citizens of Iran protested the alterations in multiple movements in response to the westernization, financial failures, and perceived belief that the Shah was being controlled by Western powers for control over Irans vast oil supply. January of 1979, the Shah went into exile in Egypt and the devoted Muslim leader Ayatollah Khomeini assumed power, reinstalling the strict, Islamic law; The ConstitutionRead MoreMaus and Persepolis1097 Words   |  5 PagesPersepolis and Maus: Two Survivors and Their Stories. Of the many items that help enhance the horror of the Nazi Holocaust, one of the most notable is what it had of systematic and bureaucratic. Not only killing people, which would have had already been enough, but precisely being made in a quiet and civilized way. It is not strange the image of the Nazi leader quoting his favorite poet while sending to death hundreds of people, belying the myth that culture and education make people better. TheRead MorePersepolis2085 Words   |  9 Pageswith the Islamic Revolution The novel, Persepolis, tells the tale of young Marjane Satrapi, who is a young girl growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution. In my essay I will examine how the author, Marjane Satrapi, tells her own story of growing up during the Islamic revolution through pictures.Satrapi uses pictures to depict her life as she matures first through her childhood, then through her teenager years into becoming an adult, and finally shows how she lives out her adult life and whenRead MorePersepolis : The Iranian Revolution And The Western World1980 Words   |  8 PagesPersepolis is a graphic novel that depicts what it was like growing up first hand in Iran during the 1980s’. Through the eyes of main character and author, Marjane Satrapi, the effects of the Western world and the Iranian Revolution are demonstrated to be consistently evolving and influencing Marjane’s childhood. The Iranian Revolution’s outcomes especially. In the beginning, Marjane is considered to b e a very religious child who speaks to God all the time, loves to read and wanted to be a prophet

Case Study Essay On Communication In Health & social care

Question: Discuss about a Case Study on Communication in Health and Social Care? Answer: Introduction Effective communication is important in both social as well as health care as it allows the workers of the health care to perform their role efficiently. The good communication builds a relationship between the care workers and the patients and their mode of communication is either through verbal as well as non-verbal communication. The care workers are using verbal communication to respond to questions, find the problems in the patients, and deal with complaints (Amin, 2012). Non-verbal communication is the body language, facial expression. The main complaints that the patients raise against the doctors, nurses and caregivers are that they are not giving the best services, issues regarding effective communication, respect for patients as well as consideration of the family as well as carers. The health professionals should be aware of communication process so that they should be familiar with the problems that exist with errors within communication. It is useful to know about the fa ctors that influence that how the messages are interpreted. Communication theories for health as well as social care sector The relevant communication theories that are used in both health as well as social care are the following: Behaviourist theory: The theory refers to the behaviour as a reaction to stimuli. The environment of both health, as well as social care, plays an important role in what the patient say as well as what they do. The individuals behaviour is the result of the environment that the person has collaborated with. Cognitive theory: It says about the rational development in early days as well as how the individuals learn to recognize and meet people in later life. It is mainly concerning the development of the process of thought of an individual (Fong, 2015). It focuses on active mental processes. In the case study, the behaviourist theory is applied as the behaviour of the nurse, care workers as well as the doctors are giving negative response that gives a negative impact on the patient and feels discomfort and insecure. If the care workers should help in giving the services and the doctor should listen to the problem then Anna will able to share her problems with them. In relation to the cognitive theory, Anna feels bad regarding the overall services of the hospital due to negative reinforcement (Bedford, 2013). If the doctor would behave normally as well as pleasantly then Anna will feel comfortable. Shannon model of communication is used to enlarge the communication between the sender as well as the receiver. This model is being developed to improve the technical communication, and then it is useful in the communications field. It is efficient for personal to personal communication (Burnett, 2011). The use of this model in the healthcare setting is to demonstrate a communication path between the doctors to nurse, from the nurse to patient and vice versa. This model is used in the healthcare sector to assist the individuals to recognize those factors that can influence the communication of a person. The effect of the feedback is also demonstrated in this model. Using the skills of communication in health as well as social care sector The division of health can modernize the techniques of communication to attain the plans as well as objectives related to healthcare. The new technologies are applied to ensure that the service operators can operate in an effective manner and can give special care and treatments to their patients. It has also been achieved through different training sessions as well as courses that can update knowledge as well as skills (Claffey et al. 2012). Listening skills is the most important as the care workers involve in interacting with their patients, they must listen to the problems of the patients carefully as well as pay attention to their needs. The workers must know to ask the right questions to get the detailed information to help the patient understand what is being asked. At the time of communicating, the social workers must give a smile that is the signal of warmth. It helps to improve the level of comfort within the room. In the given case study, the behaviour of the doctor is very rude towards the patient and the doctor has no listening skills (Clore et al. 2014). He is even not ready to listen to the patient. The doctor is not even noticed the inappropriate behaviour of Anna. It gives a disagreeing sign toward Anna that the doctor is disagreed with something that has been said and appearing with disinterested towards the patients. Even there is the lack of listening skills; therefore, the doctor is unable to get the right information about the problem. The communication with the patients is not successful as the patient feels that the care workers are not building any interest and trust (Dormuth et al. 2012). The care workers do not agree with the patients and try to focus on something that is more important. At an individual, I can use my communicate skills to listen to the problems of the patient at first. If the patient cannot understand what is being told to them, then I can call the nurse to explain the queries. The body language of the patients should show the behaviour of the service whether they are comfortable or not (Frank, 2010). At the time of communicating with the patients, the tone of my voice should be low, such that it cannot form any type of communication barriers. Review methods to deal with inappropriate interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication between the health care provider as well as the patient is important to improve the level of satisfaction and outcomes related to health. Interpersonal communication is that when different types of professional come to share their own view for the well-being of an individual. It helps to deal with the task as well as the interaction with others. It involves listening, both verbal as well as non-verbal communication. The inappropriate communication is showing anger, unwanted attention towards someone and lack of listening skills. These all are considered to be inappropriate because a patient need proper behaviour from the care worker, greater satisfaction from the service and concentration from the service, provider. Social exchange theory: It explains the change in social as well as stability as a process to negotiate the exchanges between the persons (Foster, 2012). The theory that is used in the case study is the theory of social exchange. It is applied as because both the doctor and the nurse are given pleasure by not saying any negative things as it can give pain to Anna. Uncertainty reduction theory: It asserts the concept at the time of interacting, the person need information about others to reduce the uncertainty. When the person gains this information then it is possible to predict the behaviour of the other person as well as resulting actions. In the case study, it applies when the person has more understanding about other people and it develops more interpersonal relationships between them (Gotz and Sun, 2011). The doctor, as well as the nurse, should use this theory that would help to understand the condition of Anna in details using her body language. Strategies used to support the user of the health as well as social care sector The sector of health, as well as social care, builds up strategies to meet the needs of the individuals (Migliori, 2013). To overcome the barriers to communication, it is necessary to understand the needs of others. It is needed to implement strategies to give the proper sources of the message to the staffs. Both the staffs as well as the health professionals should be provided with training related to verbal and non-verbal communication. The person with disabilities use various types of non-verbal communicate such as sign language, body language, slang expressions etc (Huang et al. 2015). The different types of disabilities are overcome by various strategies are: Visual disability is overcome by using visual images that are an example of technological aid. A person with hearing disabilities is overcome by sign language. People with differences in language can use pictures to communicate (Claramita and Susilo, 2014). Factors influence the communication process in health with social care The factors that can control the development of communication in both health, as well as social care, are by values and cultural factors. The cultural factors consist of ideas, social behaviour as well as the customs of the society (Cohen et al. 2012). In the health care sector, it is the duty of the care workers to respect the culture of people, their background and beliefs. Therefore, the care worker must keep in mind the cultural and religious differences and ensure that none of the individuals should be treated in such a way that is disrespectful. When any culture is violated then people react with anger as well as emotionally (Zayas-Cabn and Chaney, 2011). In the case study, the nurse does not show any respect to Anna, even though the facial expression is important at the time of interacting with someone. Even the nurse is unable to observe the body language of the patient (Afendulis, Landrum and Chernew, 2012). The service provider should be comfortable to deliver services in r egards of values, background, religion and culture. Valuing the diversity helps to enrich their own life and open to other people's life experience as well as become flexible and imaginative as because the health worker imagines how other people perceive things. In the case study, Anna is being accused of drinking, the doctor is not interested to know the real fact and even he is not respecting their culture (Zandon et al. 2012). Impact of legislation, code of conduct as well as charters on the communication process in health as well as social care The hospital maintains an accurate proper system that can ensure its policies, as well as the code of practices, is carried out within the organization. The data protection act is the best legislation in the health as well as social care sector (Ismail, 2012). It ensures that the personal data is secured as well as accessed in a controlled manner. The records and information about the patient in the health care sector are very personal. This is done using monitoring, training as well as spot checking (Wellmann, 2013). By giving different ongoing training, the workers come to know the importance of data protection. The information should not be released to the third party without the permission of the patients. Therefore, this act helps to ensure that the sector of health care runs smoothly and they are concerned about the information of their patients (Landry, 2012). In the health as well as social care, if the privacy is respected then it should follow that the protection of rights of the human is to be achieved. Analysis the efficiency of system as well as policies to promote good practice within communication A good practice within communication contributes to the efficiency of services as well as builds self-confidence within the persons (Trivedi and Grebla, 2011). The strategy of information is the best way to gather the personal information at the right time. The channel of the complaint is designed to get the proper authority as well as it prevents the barrier of fear from the patients. In the case study, the hospital has no such effective system and structure. The health organization has the lack of effectiveness as well as robust system of governance (Lea, 2012). The nurse, the receptionist as well as the doctor are unable to get the proper information about her health problem and it leads to communication barrier. It is concluded from the way that the doctor is impatient as well as the body language is also unprofessional. They have no proper system and no one is attentive towards the patient (Traca and Embry, 2011). They have no appropriate process of documentation or filling up the appointment form. The organization is not taking into account the confidential policy and they are not ensuring that they would not share the records of the patients with others (Olteanu and Olteanu, 2012). They have no such data protection act that they should access the records of the patients confidentially. Way to improve the communication process in health as well as social care sector The health and social care sector should implement a system in which the record of the patients, as well as their daily progress report, is saved. In the system, the file of the patient is being updated. The main problem is that if the low-level staffs can access to the system. The health of the individual patient is monitored on the system and if any staff can delete the records accidentally, then it creates the problem (Niedringhaus, 2012). Therefore, in order to improve the process of communication they should be given training and attend the workshop. The staffs should be aware of the policies such as confidentiality of the records and personal information as because if the records are getting to the wrong then it creates problem for the patients and the organization should be responsible for it. The managers or the unit head should stored the data in a secured system and they should follow a strict rule regarding the principles of data protection (Norwich, 2013). The service use rs should give their own feedback about the services of the health care sector and the services given by the care workers. The patient should be treated properly and the staffs should listen to their requirements. Use of ICT in health and social care sector With the development within the field of information technology, the health sectors are using the software packages to deal with information like printing, updating, writing as well as storing data (Abaidoo and Larweh, 2014). The daily progress reports are updated as well as the everyday care of the patients is being stored within the system. In the sector of health as well as social care, there is a variety of ICT packages that are used to maintain such as power point, database analysis, spreadsheet, word processor, monitor etc. The use of ICT is important as it is concerned about exchanging information as well as sharing of assessments with other professionals (Awino, 2013). It is being applied to provide comfortable as well as easy access to service for care. Source: Screenshot of recording patients admission data: www.arstechnica.com The Electronic health record is the software that is used to collect the information of the patients electronically in the digital format. These records are to be shared among various health care settings. It includes the data such as medical history, allergies as well as medication, result of the laboratory tests, radiology images, information of billing and vital signs (Chiou, 2011). It is basically designed to store the data accurately and reduce the risk of replication of data. It is more effective at the time of extracting the data for the assessment of probable trends as well as long-term changes within a patient. Benefits of ICT in health and social care sector The ICT increases the efficiency, flexibility as well as standards of caring. Zidi is the software that provides assistance to the workers of health for holding to clinical procedures and tracking the performed procedures as well as services, ordering for lab tests and giving the results in the manner that is facilitating supportive supervision, and observing as well as assessing quality of care offered (Haluza and Jungwirth, 2014). It gives integrated solutions by tracking the utilization of services, commodities as well as indicators of health to improve allocation of resources. It collects the primary data at the aim of care in actual time. It allows the care workers to track the defaulters as well as contact them by targeting text messages. The advantage of ICT to GP practice is that it presents those cases that are focusing on the treatment of elderly people suffering from chronic diseases (Lluch and Abadie, 2013). It is used to find the new ways of treatment as well as increase the acceptance of using of ICT. The advantage of ICT in hospitals is that it helps to improve the quality of care. In the hospital, the system is combined to use the computers to store and transfer information to solve clinical related problems (Maitland, 2011). In the care home, it is important to understand the meaningful activities for those people who have dementia. The advantage of modern day health professionals over the health professionals in 1800-1930 through the use of ICT is that the modern day health care system is very fast and proper as compared to older. The modern day technology is followed by a decision support system. But the health care system in the older day is not so advanced and very few people know about it. 3.3 Analysis the legal considerations of using ICT give impact on health as well as social care sector There are different types of legal legislations that are to be measured at the time of using ICT in both health as well as social care (NAKAJIMA and SHIGA, 2012). The use of ICT gives an impact taking place on the individuals such as upper limb that is caused due to poor posture as well as repetitive strain injury that refers to the pain of the arms at the time of working on the computer. According to the data protection act, it is used to handle the confidential files of the patients and those are sent electronically are stored within the database (Schaefer, 2011). The employee should have a legal duty under health and safety act 1974 that it ensures the safety of the employees. The display screen equipment regulation act 1992 is used to protect the health of those people who are working with DSA such as laptops, touch screens, computers etc. Provision and use of work equipment regulations 1998 is used to make certain that the equipment used in the health care sector is suitable for the function and continue to be safe as well as not risk and protection and examined by a worker who is used to documentation of the results (Schatz, 2011). The workers should aware of the health care policies and maintain them to avoid the risk. They should be trained about how to use the system and records the data and information of the patients for future use (Song, 2014). Conclusion It is concluded from the overview of using the communication in both health and social care is that it comments on the individual needs of the patients as well as the best possible way to access it using different communication theories. The role of ICT is being discussed that it increases the efficiency as well as standards of caring. Using ICT, the data of the patients are kept secured and updated. Therefore, in order to improve the process of communication they should be given training. The staffs should be aware of the policies such as confidentiality of the records and personal information of the patients and help them by giving best services. Reference List Abaidoo, B. and Larweh, B. (2014). Consumer Health Informatics: The Application Of ICT In Improving Patient-Provider Partnership For A Better Health Care.Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 6(2). Afendulis, C., Landrum, M. and Chernew, M. (2012). The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Medicare Advantage Plan Availability and Enrollment.Health Serv Res, 47(6), pp.2339-2352. Amin, A. (2012). Impact of apology on health care system; communication skills.Saudi Journal for Health Sciences, 1(1), p.38. Awino, Z. (2013). Strategic Planning and Competitive Advantage of ICT Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya.Business and Management Horizons, 1(1). Bedford, T. (2013). Decision Making for Group Risk Reduction: Dealing with Epistemic Uncertainty.Risk Analysis, p.n/a-n/a. Burnett, C. (2011). Student versus athlete: Professional socialisation influx.Af. J. Phys, Health Edu. Rec. Dance, 16(4). Chiou, C. (2011). Health Care Service Designs with ICT.AMM, 135-136, pp.565-572. Claffey, T., Agostini, J., Collet, E., Reisman, L. and Krakauer, R. (2012). Payer-Provider Collaboration In Accountable Care Reduced Use And Improved Quality In Maine Medicare Advantage Plan.Health Affairs, 31(9), pp.2074-2083. Claramita, M. and Susilo, A. (2014). Improving communication skills in the Southeast Asian health care context.Perspect Med Educ, 3(6), pp.474-479. Clore, G., Slabaugh, S., Curtis, B., Fu, H. and Schuster, D. (2014). Heterogeneity of health care costs among medicare advantage patients with type 1 diabetes.Value in Health, 17(3), p.A246. Cohen, R., Lemieux, J., Schoenborn, J. and Mulligan, T. (2012). Medicare Advantage Chronic Special Needs Plan Boosted Primary Care, Reduced Hospital Use Among Diabetes Patients.Health Affairs, 31(1), pp.110-119. Dormuth, C., Yamaguchi, J., Wilmer, B., Hosick, D., Strmer, T. and Carney, G. (2012). Comparative Health-Care Cost Advantage of Ipratropium over Tiotropium in COPD Patients.Value in Health, 15(2), pp.269-276. Fong, R. (2015). A Constructional-Cognitive Analysis of Chinese Directionals.Cognitive Semantics, 1(1), pp.104-130. Foster, P. (2012). Wisdom of a Child: Lessons Taught to a Health Care Provider.Health Communication, 27(1), pp.107-110. Frank, E. (2010). Short communication: another reason to care about physician health: its role in climate change.Climatic Change, 105(3-4), pp.619-623. Gotz, D. and Sun, J. (2011). IEEE VisWeek Workshop on Visual Analytics in Health Care 2010.ACM SIGHIT Record, 1(1), p.31. Haluza, D. and Jungwirth, D. (2014). ICT AND THE FUTURE OF HEALTH CARE: ASPECTS OF DOCTOR-PATIENT COMMUNICATION.International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 30(03), pp.298-305. Huang, K., Dyerson, R., Wu, L. and Harindranath, G. (2015). From Temporary Competitive Advantage to Sustainable Competitive Advantage.Brit J Manage, p.n/a-n/a. Ismail, N. (2012). Selected issues regarding the Malaysian Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA) 2010.International Data Privacy Law, 2(2), pp.105-112. Landry, R. (2012). Ethical Considerations in Filing Personal Bankruptcy: A Hypothetical Case Study.Journal of Legal Studies Education, 29(1), pp.59-93. Lea, N. (2012). Planning for redundancy: legal and practical considerations.In Practice, 34(4), pp.239-241. Lluch, M. and Abadie, F. (2013). Exploring the role of ICT in the provision of integrated careEvidence from eight countries.Health Policy, 111(1), pp.1-13. Maitland, J. (2011). Towards negotiation as a framework for health promoting technology.ACM SIGHIT Record, 1(1), p.10. Migliori, R. (2013). Helping Tomorrow's Health Care Consumers.Journal of Health Communication, 18(sup1), pp.3-4. NAKAJIMA, H. and SHIGA, T. (2012). Health Care Services Empowered by ICT.IEEJ Journal, 132(3), pp.144-147. Niedringhaus, K. (2012). Ethics Considerations Related to Legal Research Practices: A Selective Annotated Bibliography.Legal Reference Services Quarterly, 31(1), pp.104-124. Norwich, K. (2013). Sensation as reduction in uncertainty: A review.Cognitive Systems Research, 22-23, pp.78-88. Olteanu, C. and Olteanu, L. (2012). Equations, Functions, Critical Aspects and Mathematical Communication.International Education Studies, 5(5). Schaefer, D. (2011). Resource characteristics in social exchange networks: Implications for positional advantage.Social Networks, 33(2), pp.143-151. Schatz, B. (2011). New health systems using network information technologies.ACM SIGHIT Record, 1(2), pp.23-26. Song, Y. (2014). Varied Differences in the Health Status Between Medicare Advantage and Fee-for-Service Enrollees.INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 51(0). Traca, J. and Embry, B. (2011). The Angolan Data Protection Act: first impressions.International Data Privacy Law, 2(1), pp.40-45. Trivedi, A. and Grebla, R. (2011). Quality and Equity of Care in the Veterans Affairs Health-Care System and in Medicare Advantage Health Plans.Medical Care, 49(6), pp.560-568. Wellmann, J. (2013). Information Theory for Correlation Analysis and Estimation of Uncertainty Reduction in Maps and Models.Entropy, 15(4), pp.1464-1485. Zandon, C., Turrina, S., Pasin, N. and De Leo, D. (2012). Medico-legal considerations in a case of splenic injury that occurred during colonoscopy.Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 19(4), pp.229-233. Zayas-Cabn, T. and Chaney, K. (2011). Improving Consumer Health IT Application Development.ACM SIGHIT Record, 1(2), pp.4-12.

The 2008 Olympics Impact on China free essay sample

Just as the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and the 1988 Seoul Olympics propelled Japan and South Korea onto the global stage, the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be Chinas coming out party—an event that showcases Chinas maturation into a great economic and, to a lesser extent, political power. As PRC Premier Wen Jiabao noted on April 24 this year, the Beijing Olympics present an opportunity for China to show the world how democratic, open, civilized, friendly, and harmonious it is. Quick Glance †¢After winning its 2001 bid to host the Olympic Games, China launched a massive seven-year effort to prepare for the event. †¢The huge inflows of investment to support the Olympics and recreate Beijing have had an important ripple effect on economic growth. †¢Though China has experienced some significant hardships this spring, the games will probably be even more important to the country than initially expected. The 2008 Olympics will be among the most expansive ever held, with 16 days of competition from August 8 to 24 in 28 sports inside 37 arenas for 302 gold medals. We will write a custom essay sample on The 2008 Olympics Impact on China or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition to Beijing, six other cities will host Olympic events—Hong Kong; Qingdao, Shandong; Qinhuangdao, Hebei; Shanghai; Shenyang, Liaoning; and Tianjin—making the Olympics a national event. China has embraced the basic ideals of the Olympics with its own slogan, One World, One Dream, and has widely promoted a green and high-tech Olympics. To prepare for the games, China invested nearly $40 billion in infrastructure alone from 2002 to 2006, transformed the cityscape of Beijing, made national stars out of PRC Olympic champions—such as high hurdler Liu Xiang and platform diver Guo Jingjing—and created a great sense of excitement and anticipation among the public. Furthermore, the Olympics have had a significant influence on Beijings economic development, environment, and the growth of the countrys advertising, television, Internet, mobile phone, clean energy, and sports sectors. Building on 30 years of economic reform nd opening and on the substantial economic impact of Chinas 2001 World Trade Organization (WTO) entry, the excitement surrounding the games is pulling many of these sectors onto the international cutting edge. Building a new Beijing After winning the bid to host the 2008 Olympics, China began a massive seven-year effort to meet IOCs demanding conditions for the games. Having researched earlier Olympic games, in particular the Sydney and Atlanta games, the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad (BOCOG) began the enormous task of creating an infrastructure that could support such a massive sporting event. To integrate the activities of key central government ministries, the Beijing Municipal Government, and BOCOG, the PRC government created a high-level working group directed by then-Executive Vice Premier Li Lanqing and, since March 2008, by Xi Jinping, PRC vice president and number six in the Politburo Standing Committee. As Michael Payne, who served as IOCs top marketer for more than 20 years, wrote in Olympic Turnaround, China recognized that a critical factor in creating a successful Olympics would be careful coordination among IOC, BOCOG, and the host city. China studied the example of the Atlanta games, where coordination between the operating committee and the city government was poor, according to Payne. To ensure better coordination, BOCOG was staffed primarily with Beijing Municipal Government officials and General Administration of Sports experts, and was led by Beijing Party Secretary Liu Qi and then-Mayor (now Vice Premier) Wang Qishan. The Beijing Olympics Action Plan, announced by BOCOG President Liu Qi in March 2002, mandated not only sweeping plans to build stadiums and facilities for the Olympics, but a makeover of Beijing itself. In implementing the plan, Beijing made every effort to abide by international tendering standards and to avoid favoritism. It also imposed the template of IOCs global Olympic programs onto the Beijing Olympic program. Some of the projects in which China has invested to prepare for the games include the following: Sports facilities China planned (in some cases, with foreign architects) and built the Olympic Park and the 37 stadiums and venues that will host Olympic events. These include 32 buildings in Beijing—19 new and 13 refurbished—and venues in five other Chinese cities—a sailing center in Qingdao and soccer stadiums in Tianjin, Qinhuangdao, Shenyang, and Shanghai. China also constructed 59 training centers and infrastructure projects for the Paralympic Games, to be held in Beijing in September 2008 following the Olympics. Beijings stadiums, in particular the National Stadium (or Birds Nest), are state of the art and well designed, and they will be available for use long after the games are over. Transportation and infrastructure According to Liu Zhi, deputy director of the Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, from 2002 through the beginning of the games, Beijing will spend $1. 1 billion on transportation improvements, such as building and extending Beijings subway system, completing the citys light rail system, and constructing and refurbishing more than 318 km of city streets—including 23 roads in and around the Olympics sites, two new ring roads around the city, and high-tech traffic control systems. The city has also built an enormous new airport terminal at the Beijing Capital International Airport and extended the toll road to the airport. Urban renewal According to Beijings 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-10), Beijing will spend more than $200 million to demolish dilapidated housing and urban buildings; refurbish 25 historic areas, including many of the citys landmarks, old streets, and beautiful, four-corner residences that date from the imperial period; and restore Beijings many historic places, including the Forbidden City. High technology Chinas capital has budgeted $3. 6 billion to transform Beijing into a digital city by 2008, with widespread use of digital and broadband telecommunications, wireless transmission and networking technologies, and intelligent technologies, including smart cards. An Olympic lift Beijings hosting of the Olympic games has already had a knock-on effect, spurring faster growth or change in several areas. Tourism The number of tourists in Beijing has risen rapidly, a result of the increased visibility that the Olympics bring to the host country. Though stimates of the number of people who will visit China during the Olympics—or even the number of people who will visit China this year—vary significantly, it is clear that the games are a magnet for tourists. Chen Jian, president of the Beijing Olympic Economic Research Association, estimated in the spring that Beijing will receive roughly 600,000 foreign visitors and 2. 5 million domestic Chinese tourists during the Olympic games and that the number of foreign tourists in Beijing will grow 8 to 9 percent annually in the decade following the games because of the games themselves. According to the China National Tourism Administration, Beijing had 3. 8 million foreign visitor arrivals in 2007, up 11. 8 percent over 2006, and China had 42. 4 million foreign visitor arrivals last year, up 20. 8 percent over 2006. ) The number of hotels in Beijing has also jumped in recent years. Since China entered the WTO and won its Olympic bid, the country has reduced hotel ownership restrictions. Starting in 2002, foreign investors could own a majority stake in hotels, and in 2006, wholly foreign-owned hotels were permitted. These moves cleared the way for an extensive expansion of foreign-owned hotels and other tourism facilities. Environmental improvements Every Beijing resident is keenly aware of the citys environmental challenges. Air quality, particularly in the summer, can be less than optimal, with particulate matter at alarmingly high levels. Though Beijing has taken steps to improve air quality, such as ordering coal-burning power plants to reduce emissions, construction projects to halt during the period around the Olympic games, and 200 heavily polluting factories to move out of the city, air quality will remain a worry for the athletes who participate in the games. Under the Beijing Sustainable Development Plan, China launched 20 projects to improve the quality of Beijings environment, with an overall investment of $12. 2 billion. The city has established new wastewater treatment plants, solid-waste processing facilities, and green belts and built a fleet of clean buses for the games. Beijing has phased out ozone-depleting substances ahead of schedule, made use of water- or air-source heat pump systems to save energy in Olympic stadiums, replaced 47,000 old taxis and 7,000 diesel buses, and began requiring vehicles to meet EU emissions standards.

Ministerial Responsibility essays

Ministerial Responsibility essays From the offset, there is a conflict of principles regarding the so-called convention of ministerial responsibility. Romantically, the Queen can never be answerable to Parliament and if we see the Crown as the Executive, then ministers cannot be held accountable, insofar as they represent the Queen-in Council-in Parliament. Surely, therefore, there can be no concrete constitutional convention compelling ministers to answer and explain to Parliament which is consistent with the traditional and stable conceptual Crown? However, this view is somewhat archaic, as it became incompatible with modern day politics and democracy, which began to require that ministers explain and justify themselves, and the actions of their departments, to the public through Parliament. The move of the public interest from the concerns of the lite to the affairs of the whole population in the middle years of the last century was marked by an expansion in the work of central government and the consequent recogn ition that it had to be done with greater competence than hitherto.1 So, it is through history and the expansion of Parliament beyond imperial matters, that the convention of ministerial responsibility has evolved and now purports to reflect the increasing need of providing information, which is seen to be in the public interest. This understanding of the principle can be said to represent something romantic about the constitution, insofar as it is emblematic of our democracy and rights, in exposing the conduct of the elected government, and, ultimately, in seeing that a punishment is delivered to delinquent ministers. Aside from accountability to Parliament, the convention fixes an onus upon the sanction of resignation and it is through an examination of the extent to which ministers recognise the existence of such a punishment that it will become discernible whether it exists as constitutional myth or reality. Principally, the conve...

Gukurahundi -- Attempted Genocide in Zimbabwe

Gukurahundi Attempted Genocide in Zimbabwe Gukurahundi refers to the attempted genocide of the Ndebele by Robert Mugabes Fifth Brigade soon after Zimbabwe gained independence. Beginning in January 1983, Mugabe waged a campaign of terror against the people in Matabeleland in the western part of the country. The Gukurahundi massacres are one of the darkest times in the country’s history since its independence between 20,000 and 80,000 civilians were killed by the Fifth Brigade. History of the Shona and Ndebele There have long been strong feelings between the majority Shona people of Zimbabwe and the Ndebele people in the south of the country. It dates back to the early 1800s when the Ndebele were pushed from their traditional lands in what is now South Africa by the Zulu and Boer. The Ndebele arrived in what is now known as Matabeleland, and in turn pushed out or required tribute from the Shona living in the region. Independence Comes to Zimbabwe Independence came to Zimbabwe under the leadership of two distinct groups: the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (Zapu) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (Zanu). Both had emerged from the National Democratic Party in the early 60s. ZAPU was led by Joshua Nkomo, a Ndebelel nationalist. ZANU was led by the Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole, a Ndau, and Robert Mugabe, a Shona. Mugabe's Rise Mugabe quickly rose to prominence and gained the post of prime minister on independence. Joshua Nkomo was given a ministerial post in Mugabes cabinet, but was removed from office in February 1982 he was accused of planning to overthrow Mugabe. At the time of independence, North Korea offered to train Zimbabwes army and Mugabe agreed. More than 100 military experts arrived and began work with the Fifth Brigade. These troops were then deployed in Matabeleland, ostensibly to crush pro-Nkomo ZANU forces, who were, of course, Ndebele. Early Rain That Washes Away Chaff Gukurahundi, which in Shona means early rain that washes away chaff, lasted for four years. It was mostly brought to an end when Mugabe and Nkomo reached a conciliation on December  22, 1987, and they signed a unity agreement. Although thousands were killed in Matabeleland and the southeast of Zimbabwe, there was little international recognition of the extensive human rights abuses (called by some an attempted genocide). It was 20 years before a report was undertaken by the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace and the Legal Resources Foundation of Harare. The Explicit Orders of Mugabe Mugabe has revealed little since the 1980s and what he has said was a mixture of denial and obfuscation, as reported in 2015 by TheGuardian.com in the article New documents claim to prove Mugabe ordered Gukurahundi killings. The closest he came to officially taking responsibility was after Nkomo died in 1999.  Mugabe then described the early 1980s as a â€Å"moment of madness† – an unclear statement that he has never repeated. During an interview with a South African talk show host, Mugabe blamed the Gukurahundi murders on armed bandits that were coordinated by Zapu and a few Fifth Brigade soldiers. However, recorded correspondence from his colleagues reveals that in fact â€Å"not only was Mugabe fully aware of what was going on† but the Fifth Brigade was acting â€Å"under Mugabe’s explicit orders.†

GBI Brunei Initiatives - Transformation and Sustainability Essay

GBI Brunei Initiatives - Transformation and Sustainability - Essay Example Green building initiatives are constrained by the challenging processes of transition to sustainable development, technological setback, limited population awareness, limited skilled labor and the high cost of the green building processes. Research and literature have revealed that GBI approach is feasible, and it is in line with Vision 2035 goals. However, the dream would be effectively realized if a focus is directed on tackling the inherent obstacles. In all the efforts, there are high expectations for the government to partake further initiatives in order to align the GBIs with vision 2035 goals. In the contemporary world, the need to embrace or strive towards the attainment of green economy is particularly emphasized. The emphasis is increasingly being laid upon every area of human social and economic activity, including the building processes. In Brunei, this scenario is well depicted by the existence of Green building initiative. Green building initiative refers to use of environmental friendly practices in the design, construction and operation of buildings. It is an effort by the present generations to preserve resources and the environment for future generations. This paper analyses the GBI in Brunei, the extent Brunei has adopted the practice, the problems it is facing and how these problems can be solved. The objective of this paper is to assess the extent to which the GBI goals are feasible, highlight the inherent impediments and propose possible measures. A survey questionnaire, which is directed to designers, builders and users of different buildings, is used. Thi s is informed by the fact that the employment of questionnaire interview would be pivotal in ascertaining the commitment, as well as the perception of different stakeholders towards the GB initiative. As the globe strives to achieve a green, sustainable economy, Brunei has not been left out. This is clearly

Fiction analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fiction analysis - Essay Example Because the grandmother recognizes him, the entire family is taken back into the woods and killed with the exception of the grandmother, who is allowed to talk with the Misfit until the rest of the family is dead and then is killed there at the side of the road. A few more superficial comparisons can be made in that the main character of each story is a woman, each woman must face the death of her son and both women die by the end of the story for reasons they have little or no control over. However, there are deeper similarities between these two stories that emerge when one takes a closer look. These similarities include being written in the realist tradition, featuring men who suddenly realize their own common connections and both having a gothic element. One of the most glaring similarities between these two stories is that they are both written in the realist tradition. The realist tradition in American literature focused on the concept that people were just people, not submerge d divinities as the transcendentalists claimed or helpless victims of fate as the naturalists claimed. "These American realists believed that humanity's freedom of choice was limited by the power of outside forces" (Penrose). In other words, realism acknowledges individuals have their own power to make choices, but that they are also forced to work within boundaries established by external events. In Chopin's story, this is seen as Desiree finds herself trapped in a situation in which her beloved husband can no longer stand the sight of her because of the obviously mixed blood seen in their baby - a condition she cannot control. However, her fate is determined by her individual choice to "not take the broad, beaten road which led to the far-off plantation of Valmonde ... She disappeared among the reeds and willows that grew thick along the banks of the deep, sluggish bayou; and she did not come back again" (Chopin). It is also found in O'Connor's story as the grandmother is unable t o determine where she will go for a family vacation, but has the option of going along with the family or continuing to bid for a trip to Tennessee instead of Florida. In each case, there are limiting outside forces, but it is still the individual's choice that leads them to their fate. Both stories also have a strong gothic element. Some of the common elements of Gothic literature are emotional terror, some form of crumbling architecture, death and madness occurring among the characters, a sense of pervading darkness and plenty of secrets and hereditary curses (Hume 282). Desiree's home is dark enough to give Madame Volmonde shivers with its deeply sloping roof, "steep and black like a cowl," and the "big, solemn oaks" whose "thick-leaved, far-reaching branches shadowed it like a pall" (Chopin), giving a strong instance of foreshadowing in the symbolism used within this description. The nearby marshes, the stubble of the fields that cut Desiree's feet on the November evening that s he disappears, and the prevailing gloom of the harshly treated slaves all function to create a gothic environment. This is further enhanced by the mental anguish of the lady as she perceives

Bylaws of Natural Health Essay Example for Free

Bylaws of Natural Health Essay Section 1: Membership shall consist only of the Director/President, Jason Wilson. ARTICLE III AMENDMENTS Section 1: These Bylaws may be amended when necessary. ARTICLE VI Restrictions on Actions 1. All the assets and earnings of the Corporation shall be used exclusively for its exempt purposes, including the payment of expenses incidental thereto. No part of any net earnings shall inure to the benefit of any employee of the Corporation or be distributed to its Directors, officers, or any private person. 2. Notwithstanding any other provision of these bylaws, the Corporation will not carry on any activities not permitted by an organization exempt under Section 501(c)(3), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law, or organizations whose contributions which are exempt under Section 170(c)(2), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. The Corporation shall have no capital stock, pay no dividends, distribute no part of its net income or assets to any Directors, Officers, and private property of the subscribers, Directors or Officers shall not be liable for the debts of the Corporation. 3. No substantial part of the Corporation’s activity shall be for the carrying on of a campaign of propaganda or otherwise attempting to influence legislation. The Corporation shall not participate in any political campaign, will not engage in political campaigns or attempt to influence legislation or interfere with any political campaign on behalf or in opposition to any candidate for public office. 4. In particular, but not without limitation of the generality of the foregoing paragraph, during such time as the Corporation may be considered a private foundation as defined by Section 509(a), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law, it shall not: A. Fail to distribute its income for each taxable year at such time and in such manner as not to become subject to the tax on undistributed income imposed by Section 4942, Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. B. Engage in any act of self dealing as defined in Section 4941(d), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. C. Retain any excess business holdings as defined in Section 4943(c), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. D. Make any investment on such manner as to subject it to tax under Section 4944, Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. E. Make any taxable expenditures as defined in Section 4945(d), Internal Revenue Code, 1986, or the corresponding provision of any future federal law. These bylaws were adopted on July 30, 2012. Jason Wilson, President

Comparing Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slav

Comparing Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl What provokes a person to write about his or her life? What motivates us to read it? Moreover, do men and women tell their life story in the same way? The answers may vary depending on the person who answers the questions. However, one may suggest a reader elects to read an autobiography because there is an interest. This interest allows the reader to draw from the narrator's experience and to gain understanding from the experience. When the reader involves him/herself in the experience, the reader encounters what is known and felt by the narrator. The encounter may provide the reader an opportunity to explore a time and place long past. Reading the narratives of Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs, one identifies a period when the slave's voice begins to emerge. Douglass and Jacobs emerge during the American Renaissance period. During this period, society struggles with the abolishment of slavery and women's rights. Douglass and Jacobs' narratives awaken society to the atrocities of slavery confirmed by their personal experiences. The American Renaissance, distinguished as an intellectual and artistic period, now includes, among others, Douglass and Jacobs brutal historical accounts. Douglass and Jacobs' narrative presence represents the voice slaves who desire freedom from bondage. In Trudy Mercer's "Representative Woman: Harriet Jacobs and the Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl," she suggests both narratives work as propaganda: The slave narratives of pre-Civil War America may exemplify the earliest and most dramatic uses of the "personal as political," and the sharing of experiences ... ... the Autobiographies of Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs." Melus. 22.4 (Winter 1997): 91-108. 16 April 2002 http://relayweb.hwwilsonweb.com/cgi-bin/webclient.pl?sp.usernumber.p=513630&url=yes&sp.nextform=show. Douglass, Frederick. "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave." The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Laughter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. 1871-1880. Jacobs, Harriet Ann. "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl." The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. 1962-1985. McFreely, William S. Frederick Douglass. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1991. Mercer, Trudy. Harriet Ann Jacobs Author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. "Representative Woman: Harriet Jacobs and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl." 16 April 2002.

A Dream – creative writing

One by one we stepped of the bus after a comfortable nap on the red beds situated at the end of the bus. I was last to get off, I had a feeling of perpetual tiredness in my legs, I felt shaky and nervous. At first I couldn't think about what I was going to do on the pitch, all I thought about was after the match. As we walked down the tunnel, I saw framed pictures of legends such as Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and Eric Cantona. The sense of ‘I could be one of them' filled my empty head full of impossible thoughts. The tunnel was painted red and white, our home colours, the colours of victory. It was very long; all you could see in the darkness was the grass at the end of the tunnel like little green spikes they stuck out of the ground with light catching glimpse of their strong straight body. The smell of the hazy grass from down the tunnel went up my nose and soon reached my brain to intensify my nerves even more. It was quite a walk down to the home changing rooms. On the way I was greeted by many enthusiastic fans but instead of helping me, this made me even shakier and plunge further into my lethargy. I couldn't understand this as I had just had a two-hour nap. I silently entered the freezing cold changing rooms, which were supposedly painted white to give each player a calm feeling, checked my watch and looked around. I felt numb, the feeling of expectation had got to me, the blood in my body began to freeze and I couldn't hear anything. After a few moments the gaffer put his arms around me and I came out of my mood. All the players were lively, each one getting changed, concentrating on their own thoughts and weird pre-match rituals and superstitions. All focused on the one thing that really mattered; winning. When everyone was ready, the gaffer started talking. He said that we be should our best and all other things a managers says to make their players comfortable. To be honest with you I wasn't listening somehow the things he said just went into one ear and out of the other like an elephant talking to a cat. All I listened to was the roars and scream of the passionate fans waiting who started on their usual tones. I think the gaffer new I wasn't concentrating. He suddenly walked towards me and patted me on the back with his warm, big-palmed hands. As he did this I felt a big burden on my back. I felt as If I was carrying a big box full of millions of hopes and desires. As we walked out of the changing rooms we were joined by the away team, who all looked irregular. I was the captain for today so I was at the front of the team. The captain for the away team looked serious; he was tall with broad shoulders, had scruffy black hair, had a cold white face like a newly chilled corpse and stank of rubber. Funny I heard he had two left feet. Now adrenaline had kicked in and excitement had begun. We started slowly walking out to the stadium and soon we got faster and faster until we were jogging. The crowd was ecstatic. The stadium was jam-packed and all I could see was a sea of flashing bulbs from the photographers. The crowd started chanting my name and soon a feeling of nausea from the grass hit me hard. I walked slowly to the centre circle, with the ball at my feet. I looked at the other team, they all looked serious and some looked at me with spite. All of their players were bigger than us; almost Herculean in stature, most of them had short black hair and muscled legs like an army of action-man dolls. I took my feet off the ball and put my worn out boots into the soft, sturdy green grass. Everyone was in their positions and the whistle was blown, we were off†¦ The whistle went and it was half time, we were 2-0 down and everybody was disappointed. In the changing rooms, it was very quiet. Not really because of anyone but because of our performance, we were being stuffed. No-one was talking. The gaffer didn't lay into us. He didn't have to. We all knew we were playing rubbish. It was now going to be like a cat and mouse chase. The expression on each players face said it all really. I was just thinking of what I was going to do. Could I pull it off? Could I do the unimaginary? Could I†¦.. I couldn't understand why we were playing so badly but I had an epiphany, it must be because of their lazy useless captain not giving enough support†¦. me! I was going to pull it off I told myself. I was going to do the unimaginary. I was going to†¦ I gave a huge shout of encouragement to all the players like a commander rallying his weary troops. I slowly turned my head to face the other team. They all looked happy, as if this was a stroll in the park, as if they thought it was all wrapped up, as if they thought they had me all worked out, but had they? The whistle blew once more and we were off†¦ It was the 80th minute and we scored. It was better late than never. The ball rattled the net, and bounced on the floor a few times like a bouncy ball waiting to be caught. The crowd went mad. The player, who scored, picked up the ball after a little melee with the goalie who tried to stop him. He jogged back to the centre circle with the ball, with one hand in the air, appreciating the support the fans were giving him. The whistle was blown once more and we were off again†¦ The final whistle went it was 2-2. We scored in the last dying seconds of the match. All content with ourselves we trudged off to the gaffer and sat down on the pitch. I still couldn't get my head around the smell of the grass, warm and comforting like high summers. The gaffer sent all the coaches to massage the life back to our limbs. I could see that even the fans were tired, hoarse and emotional from their unswerving enthusiasm, as most of their voices had now gone from all the shouting, but I guessed it had helped as we were still in this match. Now the tables had turned, as I looked at the other team, they were all tired and didn't have a grin on their face any more. The whistle was blown louder than before this time and again we kicked-off†¦ Extra-time ended and scores were still 2-2 and everyone looked dead beat. We kept looking at the referee as we just wanted this to end. We were under pressure and running scared. Many times I thought it might be over but I still kept my head held high as I thought I had done a pretty good job, being the captain of a previously sinking ship, though with my skill, we had avoided the metaphorical iceberg. As we were walking back to the referee, the players had their heads down, as if they were out of this. I guess this was mostly because of what was to follow, penalties! The gaffer had a little notebook and pencil in his hand as he was going round asking each player if they wanted to take a penalty, it reminded me of what had happened last time I was here. Most of them just stood still and were too shocked and scared to say anything. Although he never came around to me, I was on the list. I guess I had to take one, or be blamed if we lost. They missed one and scored the rest, we had scored all our penalties up to now. Their fans had now got restless and started booing their own team; it showed how fickle 56,000 fans can be in times of need. Their manager looked disappointed, for all the training they had put in, wasn't going to help. One more player was left to take a penalty†¦ me, if it went in, we won, and if it didn't then more penalties would follow. I slowly started making my way to the ball. Half way, I stalled, I stood still but it seemed time had stood still. This time there was no-one near to put their arms around me to help me to come out of this mood again. My whole body froze and cold chills were sent to my brain. I looked forward and all I could see was the goalie looking nervous, billboards gaudily advertising a shirt brand and the thousands of faceless fans. Fans were screaming and shouting my name, I felt proud to be leading my team. My boots were frozen into the soft ground. No blood was felt at my toes and my knees were giving way as if my fit and tones body had been replaced by an arthritic and wizened shell. I couldn't stand any longer. There was no life left in my body. I was nervous; I was scared as I was remembering the last penalty shoot-outs. I had walked steadily to the ball and had concentrated on where I was going to kick it. The goalkeeper had gone the right way and my shot was stopped to the delight of the away supporters. They had won the cup. This was the same match, the same cup, the same away team, but would it be the same outcome. I returned to the present. My stomach was still frozen searching for any water left in my parched body, any lifeline left to give, any blood left to melt. My neck wouldn't twitch and my Adams apple felt frozen, I couldn't speak as my mouth was so dry that I felt my lips were being savaged off. My head was stiff; my face was pure cold white and my brain full of ghastly thoughts (I still couldn't get over what had happened the last time I was here). The fans started making their voices heard even more by intensifying the stadium with their passion, something not many people can give, something only a true fan possesses. Nerve receptors in my body didn't know which way to flow and no warm blood could be felt anywhere around my body except my ears. Even they wouldn't twitch, only the sound of screaming entered my ears, the sound I had heard many times throughout my lifetime. As a child I was abused by my violent father, who beat me every time I lost a match. That's why football is my life. It has always meant everything! I would scream in my bedroom but my mother was too scared to do anything about it, she too couldn't stand in my father's way. It took me until I was sixteen to stand up to him and kick him out of the house. I was bullied in school for not having a father, for not having many friends, for not having any football talent. I used to be called ‘footballer wannabe'; this infuriated me so much that all I concentrated on throughout my school years was football. And now what can those measly kids say to me, captain of a famous team, playing in a cup-final. Again my mind returned to the present. My body still stalled me, I didn't know what to do, either to let my knees give way, or stand there waiting for a lifeline to be found from the empty abyss†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Suddenly I heard the gaffer shout ‘come on ma lad, you can do it'. I woke of this terrible moment and blood started to flow again around my body. I coolly walked up to the ball, stepped back a few paces and ran as fast as I could towards the ball, hit it as hard as possible and stare. The ball rotated in mid-air and travelled towards the goal†¦..

Ethical Problems in the Practice of Law: A Book Review Essay

There are a number of laws in any given society. These laws seek to manage the nature of relationships and transactions in the society. The intent is for society to be orderly, stable and based on justice (Black, 1979). In an ideal world where every human being is just and acts for the benefit of all, law might not be applicable anymore, but given the complexities of society, these laws are important in maintaining order and enforcing justice. Laws are written and legislated usually by the duly elected members of the legislature of the government in any nation. These laws are based on the norms, the value system and at times, the dominant ideology in the society (Dworkin, 1986). The major aspects of the relationships and transactions between and among humans are covered by the laws of the land. There are laws that define what is considered as crime in the society and how such crimes will be punished if committed by any member of the given society. There are also laws that govern the contracts and obligations entered into by two or more people. Laws like these prescribe the ideal nature of such contracts and obligations, and also stipulate what are prohibited. In addition to this, there are laws that seek to protect citizens from the negligence of others or any acts committed that may impinge upon the rights of others (Glenn, 2000). The properties of citizens are also protected under the law. Such property laws govern the ownership of people over land and other properties that belong to them. This way, their rights to their properties are protected. On top of these laws, the Constitution is the basic law that guarantees the freedoms, rights, and duties of the citizens of a particular country. The Constitution is also supported by other laws and policies that seek to reinforce and guarantee the freedoms and rights of the citizens. This body of laws collectively seeks to make society orderly (Glenn, 2000). Legislators write and enact laws for the society, the police and other government agencies enforce such laws—those who uphold the law are rewarded, albeit subtly, and the violators are apprehended and punished accordingly. The violators are not punished immediately, however, as they are also entitled to be tried and litigated under the judicial system of the society where they belong to. This is where the judiciary steps in. Through the institution of the dispensation of justice, accused persons may argue about their innocence and the aggrieved parties may bring their cases to the judicial officials against the people who apparently wronged them. In this process, lawyers perform a significant task (Glenn, 2000). Lawyers in the Legal System Lawyers are the professionals who interpret the provisions of the laws of the society and looks at the principles in these laws and present solutions and applications regarding difficulties and interpretations of these laws. In litigations, the services of lawyers are hired by both the accused persons and the aggrieved party. This is because these laypersons do not have a nuanced understanding of the law, its applications, ambiguities and interpretations. As such, they would need the help of lawyers in sorting through their experiences and proving the merits of their case in the courts (Glenn, 2000). Consequently, they would seek redress in cases where their rights are impinged upon. This article reviews Ethical Problems in the Practice of Law, written by Lerman & Schrag (2005). It looks at the major topics covered by the authors as well as the main points they make in the book. It will also evaluate these arguments in light of several literatures written about the same subject matter. In order to review the book more effectively, the role of lawyers in the legal system and the kinds of relationships that they have with their clients should be reviewed first. This will provide a solid background about the law and the nature of the lawyers’ profession prior to the discussion of the major themes and issues discussed by Lerman & Schrag (2005) in their book. The law profession, however, is not limited to this kind of practice. There are various other ways in which lawyers use their knowledge and expertise. Several kinds of responsibilities are performed by lawyers, depending on the country in which they practice. These responsibilities include the following. For one, lawyers present legal arguments in the courts of law. In this regard, the lawyer represents his client in the court proceedings and presentation of arguments. Some countries may allow persons to present arguments in the courts without the help of lawyers. However, this may prove inefficient as individuals may not be aware of how the legal system works. Hence, lawyers make it possible for the proceedings to go as smoothly as possible (Kent, 2002). Lawyers are also engaged in the research, drafting and final writing of papers for the use of courts. Prior to the delivery of oral arguments, lawyers provide a brief of the backgrounds, facts and main points of the case. In short, lawyers are called upon to deliver both their written and oral arguments regarding the cases which they are handling. Before the actual process of litigation and court hearing, however, the lawyer would need to be in consultation with his or her clients about the provisions of the law and other matters that directly affect the case being brought to the courts. Even without litigation or court cases, lawyers still provide necessary legal advice to those who seek their services (Abel & Lewis, 1988). Part of the lawyers’ work is also the protection of intellectual property rights and the management of contracts. In relation to this, contracts are either drafted by a lawyer or the draft passes through them for review and revision in accordance with what the law allows in such cases. The transfer of deeds of real properties is also done by lawyers. The legal documents as well as the necessary processes are facilitated by the lawyer in this regard. Moreover, the wills, trusts of people who expect their demise soon; or those who have already passed away are implemented by lawyers. Lastly, lawyers prosecute or defend people who are suspected of having committed crime (Abel & Lewis, 1988). Before a person could practice law, he should have completed the prescribed course of study, and usually, he should have passed the bar examinations. The purpose of this is to ensure that those who practice law are indeed capable of doing so and that they are accountable to the government and to the society as a whole in the practice of their profession (Abel & Lewis, 1988). Lawyers and the Need for Regulation Requiring lawyers to acquire license prior to practicing law is one strategy in regulating the profession. Only those who pass the required standards would be able to practice law. Once the lawyers have their licenses, however, the necessity for regulation is still evident because of the relationship of the lawyer with its clients. The rights of the clients of lawyers should also be ensured and protected against the malpractice and abuse of lawyers. In some countries, the Department of Justice is the government agency that governs regulates lawyers. In other countries, it is the Supreme Court (Abel & Lewis, 1988). The role of lawyers in the society is important. As such, should they fail or make mistakes, they compromise the reputation of the profession. Because of the sensitivity of the relationship of lawyers with their clients, the need for regulation in the profession cannot be overemphasized. Against the backdrop of the ethical issues besieging the legal profession, the textbook on legal ethics written by Lerman and Schrag (2005) provides practical guidance together with an explanation of the foundational principles and the laws that govern the situations where issues of legal ethics may arise. Another important reason for the regulation of the practice of law is the existence of a myriad of ethical issues that should be confronted by lawyers in their profession. Lerman and Schrag’s (2005) Ethical Problems in the Practice of Law, explores the laws and other related institutions that govern and regulate lawyers and the way that they practice law. In addition to this, the authors dealt with the practical aspects of these laws as they apply to torts, contracts and obligations, the prosecution and defense of suspected criminals, real estate, family law and civil law. The authors formatted their book such that it would be easily accessible and readable. It also contains digests of important related doctrines to the topic that they are exploring. Such highlighting of related doctrines can be found throughout the book. They also presented judicial opinions in their edited versions so that the student will not need to go through every minute detail of the cases. In terms of presentation, the authors used the Socratic method of presenting questions and answers for the purpose of presenting the laws and the major issues governing such issues. Since the law profession is rife with ethical issues, the authors also found it expedient to include rules governing professional conduct. Such set of rules are important for lawyers in helping them practice their profession. This cursory examination of the book will be further expanded in the succeeding sections. A detailed review of the chapters of the book will be made. This review will also look at the language used by the authors, the level of language, the main points of their chapters and the solutions they provided to several problematic areas presented in the text. Background on the Authors The authors of Ethical Problems in the Practice of Law have had experience and authority in the subject that they have written about. They have had extensive classroom experience; they have also researched and practiced the law profession throughout their career and they have been engaged in the policy-making process. This broad range of experience make Lerman and Schrag as veritable authors in the field of legal ethics and their book is a testament to these experiences. Lisa G. Lerman Since 1987, Lisa G. Lerman has served as a law professor at the Columbus School of Law at the Catholic University of America. She has had extensive experience in teaching contracts, exercising lawyers’ professional responsibility and the practicum on public policy. In addition to this, she has written numerous articles on law firms, the practice of law, about lawyers, and law education. Her focus used to be domestic law; however, she has focused on the relationship of lawyers and clients, together with the issue of dishonesty of lawyers occupying her attention. Prof. Lerman has long been considered an expert on ethics on the legal profession. In recognition of her advocacy, she has been named the chair of the ABA National Conference on Professional Responsibility’s Planning Committee. Given these plethora of achievements and experiences, she is an authority on the subject she has co-written with Philip G. Schrag (Catholic University of America Website, 2007). Philip G. Schrag Philip G. Schrag, on the other hand, is a professor of Civil Procedure at Georgetown Law School of the Georgetown University. He is currently the Director of the Center for Applied Legal Studies. He also provides career guidance to lawyers through the Public Interest Law Scholars Program. He has also served as a civil servant by writing legislations, notable among these are New York City’s Consumer Protection Act of 1969 and his involvement with several boards and agencies of the government. He has written twelve books (Georgetown Law Website, 2007). Organization of the Book Ethical Problems in the Practice of Law has been organized thematically. It has ten (10) chapters that explore deeply and comprehensively the end-to-end practice of the legal profession from the provision of legal advice, the conduct of the representation of clients in the courts as well as the legal and ethical obligations of lawyers even after they have represented a client. The Regulation of Lawyers Chapter 1 deals with the regulation of lawyers. They explained the basis of the process of making prospective lawyers go through the bar examinations in order to get their license. They also enumerated and explained the institutions that make the regulations in the legal profession. These institutions are crucial in ensuring that lawyers are practicing their profession in accordance with the law and without impinging upon the rights of their clients. These institutions are: (1) the highest state courts; (2) bar associations; (3) lawyer disciplinary agencies; (4) the American Bar Association; (5) the American Law Institute; (6) Federal and State trial courts; and (7) the Legislatures among others. The authors also took a look at the law governing lawyers. They walked through the special provisions of this law and cited instances in which the provisions of this law could be useful and where there are ambiguities and vagueness. In addition to this, Lerman and Schrag provided cases and examples to illustrate the principles that they discussed. Lawyers and the Confidentiality of Clients Client confidences and the duties of lawyers to protect this confidential information is the subject matter of Chapter 2. The duo started out by defining the bases of confidentiality and the way that clients provide their trust to their lawyers. There are instances, however, in which this duty to protect confidentiality may be exempted and the law and national interest may even compel the lawyer to disclose some important matters confided to him by the client. In any case, however, the lawyer should never disclose confidential information from a client in the interest of personal gain or for the use of another client as this may be construed as a violation of the trust granted to the lawyer by the client. The chapter closes with several tips and suggestions on informing the clients about confidentiality and how such confidentiality may be protected.

A Look at Shakespeares 154 Sonnets

A Look at Shakespeare's 154 Sonnets Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets, which were collected and published posthumously in 1609. Many critics segment the sonnets into three groups: The Fair Youth Sonnets (Sonnets 1 – 126)The first group of sonnets are addressed to a young man with whom the poet has a deep friendship.The Dark Lady Sonnets (Sonnets 127 – 152)In the second sequence, the poet becomes infatuated with a mysterious woman. Her relationship with the young man is unclear.The Greek Sonnets (Sonnets 153 and 154)The final two sonnets are very different and draw upon the Roman myth of Cupid, to whom the poet has already compared his muses. Other Groupings Other scholars lump the Greek Sonnets with the Dark Lady Sonnets  and call out a different cluster (Nos. 78 to 86) as the Rival Poet Sonnets. This approach treats the subjects of the sonnets as characters  and invites ongoing questions among scholars about the degree to which the sonnets may or may not have been autobiographical. Controversies Although its generally accepted that Shakespeare wrote the sonnets, historians question certain aspects of how the sonnets came to print. In 1609, Thomas Thorpe published  Shakes-Peares Sonnets; the book, however, contains a dedication by T.T. (presumably Thorpe) that confounds scholars as to the identity of whom the book was dedicated, and whether the Mr. W.H. in the dedication may be the muse for the Fair Youth Sonnets. The dedication in Thorpes book, if it had been written by the publisher, may imply that Shakespeare himself did not authorize their publication. If this theory is true, its possible that the 154 sonnets we know today dont constitute the totality of Shakespeares work.

10 Things You Should Never Say During An Exit Interview

10 Things You Should Never Say During An Exit Interview You’ve quit your job to move onto sunnier pastures. Or perhaps you’ve even been laid off. For whatever reason, if you’ve been called in for an exit interview, it’s best to be prepared. It’s a great opportunity to be honest about your experience at that company or in that position, and a great way to get honest feedback about your performance. And, while you may want to burn the place down on your way out the door, it’s important to keep things cordial and professional. You never know when you might run into this HR rep or that co-worker again. Take the high ground and refrain from burning any bridges.Here are 10 things you should never say before  your exit interview.1. â€Å"This place is ‘going downhill/a sinking ship/lost without me†If you’re really as invaluable and under-appreciated as you feel, they’ll notice the lack of you just fine on their own. Don’t  alienate anyone in the process. Avoid soundi ng egotistical or nihilistic. Keep it classy.2. â€Å"So-and-so was mean to me/did something bad/hates it here, too†Pointing fingers is just rude. So is getting a colleague, no matter how hated, into trouble. And outing someone for being miserable in a job is never a kindness. What if they can’t find a suitable substitute and are stuck there? You will have made their lives miserable for no reason.3. â€Å"SHOW ME THE MONEY!†Don’t make it about money. Don’t insinuate the company isn’t viable or solvent, or that you’re just a total mercenary out to make as much as you can with no sense of loyalty whatsoever. If you must cast your new job in a more favorable light, emphasize your need for more challenges and growth and thank them for the opportunities they’ve given you to learn.4. @%!$#You may feel like running naked through the office with both middle fingers pointed high and dropping f-bombs in your path as you depart, but pleas e curtail that urge. Stay professional, take the higher path, lead by example. The last thing you want is a reputation for being a loose-cannon lunatic in your industry. And believe me, word will get around if you fly off the handle.5. â€Å"Never, ever again.†You may know your limits. You may be 110% sure you’d never ever consider working there again. But it’s best to leave unsaid.6. â€Å"You could have made me stay, you know. If only you had†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Insert: â€Å"offered me more money,† â€Å"given me Karen’s office,† â€Å"bribed me.† There is nothing productive that can follow this. If they really wanted you to stay, they would have tried to make you a convincing offer. There’s no sense pointing out the obvious.7. â€Å"Nobody likes working here.†This is only marginally better than outing a particular colleague, but still not a wise choice. If management has no idea that everyone is miserable, then that is the ir problem. Nothing you do or say will make it any better. It might actually make it worse.8. â€Å"I really think you should have put in a snack machine.†Anything that makes a very specific point about equipment or physical office space is probably a waste of (both) your time. Keep it in the neighborhood of things that matter.9. â€Å"Hate†Even if you just want to mention that you hated a particularly vexing software system, don’t resort to using the word â€Å"hate.† It’s far too strong and makes you look weak and immature.10. â€Å"My boss was just awful.†This is probably the worst possible thing you can say in one of these situations. Even if it’s true and your boss was Machiavelli himself, stay classy and don’t let anyone accuse you of having a vendetta or a bias. There are ways to be honest about the working environment or impediments to your being able to faithfully execute your job without being vindictive.

Management Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management Information - Essay Example In this scenario management of corporation has decided to implement a new technology based structure and platform that would have the capability to effectively manage and control all the business operations. This report outlines the new information system (IS) strategy for the Golden Fleece Hotel. In addition, this report will offer an analysis of the key aspects of information system strategy and how it will increase revenue for the organization. The business of Golden Fleece Corporation involves the management of hotel. This business was established in 1999 and now became a large size organization. In potential advancements of the business there are some business problems. Golden Fleece hotel is based on 100-Â ­room resort hotel located in South Yorkshire. In addition, Golden Fleece hotel is mainly aimed at targeting the business people and travellers. In this scenario the business owner ‘Hugh Johnson’ wants to offer its customers unique hotel experience and enjoyment facilities. However, in potential enhancement in the business of the Golden Fleece there are some problems regarding management of business operations and tasks, for instance, effective management of the business, customer and resources data handling. However, by seeing the potential enhancements in the field of information technology the management of Golden Fleece has decided to implement and incorporate new technology to manage the business op erations. This report onward will present some of main aspects regarding development of the new information strategy (IS) strategy for the Golden Fleece Hotel. The business of Golden Fleece Hotels flourished really much in beginning years however as the business enhanced its traditional business structure was not capable to handle the business operations. Additionally, the business also faced some economic down term. Thus, the Golden Fleece’s occupancy rate had begun to fall. The main

Reward And Motivation As Factors For The Productivity Dissertation

Reward And Motivation As Factors For The Productivity - Dissertation Example There are certain needs and demands of both employee and employer such as labor force are required to perform efficiently when organizations are investing in resources they would demand reliable workforce meeting all standards of productivity (Leboeuf, 1986). On the other hand, employees have expectations related to handsome reward, job security, workplace environment and respect (Blackburn & Lawrence, 1995). Now, these attributes can be taken as motivation factors because given the expectation both parties will be better-served employers will enjoy productivity whereas workers will enjoy the reward. Since both parties are attaining what they desire, ultimately the company’s performance will boost up. It might be easy to say that expectations can be met easily but practically the utopia can only be achieved when organizations understand the needs of their employees. Understanding workers’ needs, in other words, is the analysis which tells organizations how to motivate t heir workers (Podmoroff, 2005). This study is conducted to understand those needs and their patterns which in turn motivate workers for best performance. What can actually be called a motivation? Motivation can be any item or factor that can encourage and energize employees’ behavior to work harder (Tracy, 2013). These sets of principles or factors which invigorate performance can either be social, cultural, societal, financial or even psychological. It relies upon the management to successfully understand its workers demand and need and it is the utter duty of managers to trigger the motivational processes in the right direction (Scheuer, 2000). Motivation is a driving force which is accumulated through altered scenarios and lead individual to accomplish their targets. When targets are achieved, it portrays individual performance.

Which factors influence students self-efficacy with regard to their Research Proposal

Which factors influence students self-efficacy with regard to their academic performance - Research Proposal Example Therefore, self-efficacy in academic performance would refer to the confidence that individual students have on academic issues that allow them to be successful in academic endeavours. Most researchers would agree that there are several factors that have a direct influence on the efficacy of students but these would highly depend on the cultural fits that happen in the educational system and curriculum. The idea of self-efficacy does not just come by chance to the involved victors but there is always a great deal of hard work that aims at maintaining the faith to get the high levels of educational success (Bandura, 1982, p.126). This proposal will seek to provide a base for justification of the fact that self-efficacy has a direct impact on academic performance of students that are involved in an academic program that is on distance basis. In-view of this, it will provide background information about the genesis of self-efficacy in students before embarking on plot development. Backg round of the Study The importance of efficacy is gaining acceptance with every passing day. From a psychological point of view, self-efficacy is a creation from the theories of efficacy as brought forward by Bandura. Self-efficacy is about inclusiveness. This inclusiveness is about the end result. It is an issue that started long ago but Bandura (1977) indicated that here are very important sections of personality that will render the effects effective with the final impact of motivation for student success. The areas that are aimed at being promoted are in accomplishments of performance, verbal and emotional arousal and vicarious experience. To cement the value of self-efficacy in the development of motivation of students therefore, there will be an objective and analytical view of four key issues. These issues will represent the objective of statement question in which case there is need to link self-efficacy and student academic performance in the post graduate case as indicated (Banduras, 1977). Factors Influencing Students Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy is influenced by a collection of very strong factors that influence the total personality of an individual. Experience or "Enactive Attainment† Experience is a very determining factor when it comes to issue of self-efficacy. Dissects (2012) dissects experience as immediate and former. In both cases, it has far reaching effects on the behaviour and confidence of the students and their eventual success. Postgraduate education requires a high sense of risk taking through project and online submissions. This is to say that there is a risk that is taken but the success of previous students may inculcate confidence in the current group. In this case, strong efficacy is generated through such former success by the current students. In vicarious experience, there is a situation in which students watch others handle very complex experiences and succeed which helps them hope for the same (Yao, 2007, p. 6). This p ositive show is enhanced through modelling, performance exposure, performances that are self-instructed as well as performance

The Tcp Service Model Information Technology Essay

The Tcp Service Model Information Technology Essay The transport service is implemented by a transport protocol used between two transport entities. The transport protocol have to deal with error control, sequencing, and flow control. UDP is a simple protocol and it has some niche uses, such as client-server interactions and multimedia, but for the most Internet applications, reliable, sequenced delivery is needed.UDP cannot provide this, so another protocol is required. It is called TCP and is the main workhouse of the internet. THE TCP SERVICE MODEL: TCP service is obtained by both the sender and receiver creating end points, called sockets. A socket may be used for multiple connections at the same time. All TCP connections are full duplex and point to point. Full duplex means that the traffic can go in both directions at the same time. Point-to-point connection contains exactly two end points. Another feature of the TCP service is URGENT DATA. When the urgent data are received at the destination. The receiving application is interrupted so it can stop whatever it was doing and read the data stream to find the urgent data. The start of the urgent data is not marked while the end is marked so the application knows when it is over. This scheme basically provides a crude signaling. THE TCP PROTOCOL: A key feature of TCP, and one which dominates the protocol design, is that every byte on a TCP connection has its own 32-bit sequencer. When the internet began, the lines between routers were mostly 56-kbps leased lines, so a host blasting away at full speed took over 1 week to cycle through the sequence numbers. Separate 32-bit sequence numbers are used for acknowledgements and for the window mechanism. The sending and receiving TCP entities exchange data in the form of segments. What should a segment have? 1.Each segment including the TCP header, must fit in the 65,515-bytes IP payload. 2.Each network has a maximum transfer unit, or MTU, and each segment must fit in the MTU. THE TCP SEGMENT HEADER: The following is the dissection of TCP header field by field. The Source port and Destination port fields identify the local end points of the connection. The source port number is of 16 bits and indentifies the sending host TSAP(client port number). The destination port number is of 16 bits and is used to identify the receiver host TSAP(server port number). The sequence number is of 32 bits size. Since TCP supports Byte-stream, in which each byte is numbered, big space is allocated for numbering i.e.(2 power 32=4096 million).With the help of these numbers only ,one can be able to differentiate the old delayed duplicate with fresh ones. The acknowledgement number is of 32 bits size. It specifies the next byte expected. The length of TCP header is of 4 bits size and indicates the number of rows. Next comes a 6-bit field that is UNUSED. The fact that this field has survived intact for over a quarter of a century is testimony to how well thought out TCP is. Lesser protocols would have needed it to fix bugs in the original design. Six 1-bit flags: 1. URG is set to 1 if the urgent flag pointer is in use. 2. The ACK bit is set to 1 to indicate that the acknowledgement number is valid. If ACK is 0, the segment does not contain an acknowledgement so the ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER is ignored. 3. The PSH bit indicates pushed data. 4. The RST bit is used to reset a connection that has become confused due to a host crash or some other reason. It is also used to reject an invalid segment or refuse an attempt to open a connection. In general, if you get a segment with the RST bit on, you have problem on your hands. 5. The SYN bit is Synchronization flag. It is used to establish connections. The connection request has SYN=1 and ACK=0 to indicate that the piggyback acknowledgement field is not in use. The connection reply does bear an acknowledgement, so it has SYN=1 and ACK=1. 6. The FIN bit is finish flag. It is used to release a connection. It specifies that the sender has no more data to transmit. CHECKSUM: A checksum is also provided for extra reliability. It checks the header, the data and the conceptual pseudoheader. When performing this computation, the TCP Checksum field is set to zero and the data field is padded out with an additional zero byte if its length is an odd number. PSEUDOHEADER: The pseudoheader contains the 32-bit IP addresses of the source and destination machines, the protocol number for TCP (6), and the byte count for the TCP segment. Including the pseudoheader in the TCP checksum computation helps detect misbelieved packets. TCP CONNECTION MANAGEMENT MODELING: The steps required to establish and release connections can be represented in a finite state machine with the 11 states listed below. In each state, certain events are legal .when a legal event happens, some action may be taken. If some other event happens, an error is reported. State Description CLOSED No connection is active or pending LISTEN The server is waiting for an incoming call SYN, RCVD A connection request has arrived: wait for ACK SYN SENT The application has started to open a connection ESTABLISH The normal data transfer state FIN WAIT 1 The application has said it is finished FIN WAIT 2 The other side has agreed to release TIMED WAIT Wait for all packets to die off CLOSING Both sides have tried to close simultaneously CLOSING WAIT The other side has initiated a release LAST ACK Wait for all packets to die off Each connection starts in the CLOSED state. When it performs either a passive open {LISTEN}, or an active open {CONNECT}, it leaves the state. If the other side does the opposite one, a connection is established and the state becomes ESTABLISHED. Connection release can be initiated by either side. The state returns to CLOSED, after it is completed. Description of the figure: The heavy solid line is the normal path for a client. The heavy dashed line is the normal path for a server. The light lines are unusual events. Each transition is labeled by the event causing it and the action resulting from it, separated by a slash. The event can either be a user à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬initiated system call {CONNECT, LISTEN, SEND or CLOSE}, a segment arrival [SYN, FIN, ACK or RST}, or in one case, a timeout of twice the maximum packet lifetime. The action is the sending of a control segment {SYN, FIN or RST} or nothing, indicated by -.Comments is shown in parentheses. Figure: TCP connection management finite state machine. TCP TRANSMISSION POLICY: Windows Management in TCP is not directly tied to acknowledgements as it is in most data link protocols. If the sender transmits a 2048-byte segment that is correctly received, the receiver will acknowledge the segment. However, since it now has only 2048 bytes of buffer space (until the application removes some data from the buffer), it will advertise a window of 2048 starting at the next byte expected. The window management in TCP is shown in the following figure. Now the sender transmits another 2048 bytes, which are acknowledged, but the advertised window is 0. The sender must stop until the application process on the receiving host has removed some data from the buffer, at which time TCP can advertise a larger window. Senders are not required to transmit data as soon as they come in from the application. When the first 2 KB of data came in, TCP, knowing that it had a 4 KB window available, would have been completely correct in just buffering the data until another 2KB came in, to be able to transmit a segment with a 4KB payload. This freedom can be exploited to improve performance. On the following grounds the sender com still send segments upon receiving the win=0(window size) or (buffer available). When the window=0;the sender may not normally send segments, with two exceptions i)URGENT DATA MAY BE SENT To allow the user to kill the process running on the remote machine. ii)The sender may send a 1byte segment to make the receiver re-announce the next byte expected and window size. SILLY WINDOW SYNDROME: To transmit 1byte of message TCP overhead 20 bytes, IP are required.In other words just to transmit 1 byte, extra 40 Bytes are required. Whenever there is a 1 byte room available at the receiver buffer, the window update segment is sent. Since the receiver is requested for 1 byte the sender sends 1 byte which leads to the receiver buffer to be full over again. Asking for 1 Byte and sending 1 byte appears to be silly, hence the name silly window syndrome. To avoid Silly window syndrome, Nagle suggested NAGLES APPROACH: When the data comes to the sender 1 byte at a time, just send the first Byte and buffer, all the rest until the outstanding Byte is acknowledged. Then send all the buffered characters in one 1 TCP segment and start buffering again until they are all acknowledged. Nagles approach cannot be implemented for all applications. In particular, when as X-windows application is being run over the internet, mouse movements have to be sent to the remote computer. Gathering them and sending them in bursts makes the mouse cursor more erratically, which makes users dissatisfied. CLARKS ALGORITHM: This approach is to prevent the receiver from sending a window update for 1byte instead, it is forced to wait until it has a decent amount of space available and then advertise that. Nagles algorithm is with respect to sender and Clarkà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s algorithm with respect to solve Silly window syndrome. The overall goal is for the sender not to send small segments and the receiver not to ask for them. TCP CONGESTION CONTROL: When the load offered to any network is more than it can handle, congestion builds up. The Internet is no exception. Although network layer also tries to manage congestion, most of the heavy lifting is done by TCP because the real solution to congestion is to slow down the data rate. In theory, congestion can be dealt with by employing a principle borrowed from physics: the law of conservation of packets. The idea is to refrain from injecting a new packet into the network until an old one leaves.TCP attempts to achieve this goal by dynamically manipulating the window size. The first step in managing congestion is detecting it. A timeout caused by a lost packet could have been caused by either (1) noise on a transmission line or (2) packet discard at a congested router. Nowadays, packet loss due to transmission errors is relatively rare because most long-haul trunks are fiber. All the Internet TCP algorithms assume that timeouts are caused by congestion and monitor timeouts for signs of trouble the way miners watch their canaries. TCP TIMER MANAGEMENT: TCP uses multiple timers to do its work. The most important of these is the retransmission timer. When a segment is sent, a retransmission timer is started. If the segment is acknowledged before the timer expires, the timer is stopped. If, on the other hand, the timer goes off before the acknowledgement comes in, and the segment is retransmitted. A second timer is the persistence timer. It is designed to prevent the following deadlock. The receiver sends an acknowledgement with a window size of 0, telling the sender to wait.Later, the receiver updates the window, but the packet with the update is lost. Now both the sender and the receiver are waiting for each other to do something. When the persistence timer goes off, the sender transmits a probe to the receiver. The response to the probe gives the window size. If it is still zero, the persistence timer is set again and the cycle repeats. If it is nonzero, data can now be sent. A third timer that some implementations use is the keep alive timer. When a connection has been idle for a long time, the keep alive timer may go off to cause one side to check whether the other side is still here. If it fails to respond, the connection is terminated. This feature is controversial because it adds overhead and may terminate an otherwise healthy connection due to transient network partition. The last timer used on each TCP connection is the one used in the TIMED WAIT state while closing. It runs for twice the maximum packet lifetime to make sure that when a connection is closed; all packets created by it have died off.